![]() ![]() In this review, we report the recent progress in the design and development of smart materials that are actuated by different stimuli and their exploitation within additive manufacturing to produce biomimetic structures with important repercussions in different but interrelated biomedical areas. The term 4D printing was coined to indicate the combined use of additive manufacturing, smart materials, and careful design of appropriate geometries. In recent years, this issue has been addressed with the design and precise deployment of smart materials that can undergo a programmed morphing in response to a stimulus. However, an intrinsic limitation of this technology is that printed objects are static and thus inadequate to dynamically reshape when subjected to external stimuli. 3D printing technologies can recapitulate structural motifs present in natural materials, and efforts are currently being made on the technological side to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed. Therefore, the designed scaffold could act as endomysium to enable the infiltration of muscle fibers into the channels.Nature's material systems during evolution have developed the ability to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli through the generation of complex structures capable of varying their functions across direction, distances and time. ![]() Skeletal muscle is a hierarchical organization where the muscle fibers are encapsulated in microchannels known as endomysium. "I believe that the designed scaffold can have multiple applications with tubular structures such as muscle, tendon, and nerve," said Kim. Furthermore, controlling the mechanical properties of the scaffold would enable versatile applications of the microchanneled collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold. Going forward, the researchers will investigate enhancing the mechanical properties of the scaffold. Consequently, the in vivo studies have suggested excellent infiltration of cells into microchannels. In the case of the microchanneled collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold, the researchers noted significantly higher water-absorbing capability, compared to a conventional collagen scaffold, as a result of the capillary pressure supplied by the microchannels. They followed that by one-way shape morphing (4D printing) and coating processes.Ĭollagen is known as a hydrophilic material, and numerous in vivo studies have suggested it possesses excellent cellular activities. The 4D printed materials’ capacity to transform in response to external stimuli, as well as their time-evolving features, are interesting options for an extensive range of usages. The researchers printed immiscible polymer blends that act as a double negative template in order to fabricate the the biomimetic collagen/hydroxyapatite hierarchical scaffold. 4D printing has been used in a variety of disciplines, and there is a lot of serious investigation on 3D printing with smart (stimulus-responsive) materials. "This was achieved through a 4D printing strategy, where one-way shape morphing is used." "Since the fabrication of biomimetic scaffold is a challenging issue, the innovation of this study lies in adding extra hierarchy to the structure in the form of microchannels," said author Geun Hyung Kim. The microchannels have induced growth of blood vessels in a mouse model. These biocompatible shape-shifting architectures with interesting mechanical and photothermal properties may find applications in smart textiles, tissue. The team designed a microchannel scaffold made of a collagen and hydroxyapitite combination, with each strut consisting of micrometer-scaled microchannels. In summary, this biomimetic 4D printing platform enables the design and fabrication of complex, reversible shape changing architectures printed with one composite hydrogel ink in a single step. In Applied Physics Reviews, from AIP Publishing, researchers from Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea present a solution to address the challenge of fabrication of a biomimetic scaffold. Many researchers have consequently focused on trying to create a biomimetic scaffold that induces vascularization to enable bone tissue regeneration and spinal fusion. Eva Gupta is a Research Scholar at Amity University, Noida, India (an Institute of National Impor-tance), and she is pursuing Ph.D. Industrial Pharmacy, 47:4, 521-534, DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1862179. metic 4D printed materials, self-h ealingcomposites andbiofunctional nano bers as well as structural health monitoring for damage detection and characterization strategies for engineering structures. While autogenous bone grafts have long been considered the reference standard for spinal fusion, painful pseudoarthrosis remains a leading cause of poor clinical outcomes. Mehrdad Khakbiz (2021) Medical application of biomimetic 4D printing, Drug Development and. ![]()
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